An evolutionary process in which initially independent organisms or biological systems establish such a close and stable relationship that they may eventually form a new functional and evolutionary unit.
Symbiogenesis highlights the role of cooperation, association, and integration in evolution. Biological complexity does not arise only through competition or selection among separate individuals; it can also emerge when different systems become increasingly interdependent.
A classic example is the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. According to endosymbiotic theory, these organelles originated from free-living bacteria that were incorporated into other cells and, over time, ceased to function as independent organisms.
In short: symbiogenesis describes how the integration of independent systems can give rise to a new level of biological organisation.
Related concepts: endosymbiosis, evolution, cooperation, interdependence, emergence.
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